Check
The king cannot be captured. If one of your men is going to capture your opponent's king you must say "check" and your opponent must get out of check.
Diagram 1 In diagram 1 the white rook has put the black king in check. There are 3 ways of getting  out of check:
  1. The king can be moved out of the way. This is shown in diagram 2
  2. A piece may be moved between the  rook and the king. This is shown in digram 3. The black bishop has moved from c5 to e7
  3. The attacking piece, which is the rook, can be captured. See diagram 4
Diagram 2 Diagram 3

Diagram 4. The rook has been captured by the knight.
In diagram 5 the queen on c5 is checking the king. He can move his king out of check as in diagram 6

Diagram 5
 Diagram 6
In diagram 7 the king is in check from the pawn. he cannot move his king. He cannot capture the pawn with his king because he would be in check from the knight. He captures the pawn with his rook as in diagram 8
Diagram 7 Diagram 8
In diagram 9 the white king is not in check from the black rook because the black bishop is in the way.
In diagram 10 black has moved his bishop to a3 so the king is in check from the black rook and the black bishop at the same time. This is double check and white must move his king. If he captured the rook with his queen he would still be in check from the bishop. If he captured the bishop with his queen he would still be in check from the rook. He can only get out of check by moving his king.
Diagram 9 Diagram 10
In diagram 11 white has moved his king to b1 and he is out of check.

Diagram 11
In diagram 12 the white king is in check from the black knight. He cannot get out of check by putting the rook or the queen between the black knight and his king. This is because the knight can jump over other pieces. The knight was also attacking white's queen. This is called a fork. In diagram 13 white has moved his king out of check but the knight can capture his queen.
Diagram 12 Diagram 13
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